notes!!!! textbook reading 1.3/1.4

Metabolism

1) Energy: the ability to do work

2) metabolism: the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell or organism

3) anabolic reaction: reactions that produce large molecules from smaller subunits

4)Catabolic reaction: Reactions that break macromolecules into their individual sub units

5) kinetic energy: energy possessed by moving objects

6) Work: The transfer of energy from one body or place to another

7) THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from on from into another.

8) THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• The entropy of the universe increase with any change that occurs.

9) Bond energy: the minimum energy required to break one mole of bonds between two species of atoms; a measure of the stability of a chemical bond.

• Bond formed = energy released
• Bond break = energy absorbed

10) Exothermic reaction: more energy released during bond formation -> net energy output -> exothermic reaction (ex. combustion) (negative delta H value)

11) Endothermic reaction: Energy absorbed in breaking bonds > energy released in formation of product bonds = net absorption energy (positive delta H value)

12) Entropy: A measure of the randomness or disorder in a collection of objects or energy symbolized by S

• ask Mr. Chung what favoured and not favoured means.

13) Free Energy (Gibbs Free energy): Energy that can do useful work

14) Exergonic reactions: A chemical reaction in which the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants; chemist call it an exothermic reaction

15) Endergonic reactions: A chemical reaction in which the energy of the products is more than the energy of the reactants; chemists call it an endothermic reaction

16) ask MR chung about reversible reactions -> why are dead cells reaching equilibrium

17) Hydrolysis: decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water

18) Polyphorylation: the process of attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule

19) LEO GER: Leo (lion) says GER... losing election is oxidation.... gaining election is reduction. This is also known as a redox reaction.

ENZYMES

20)enzymes: protein catalyst

21) Catalyst: Allows reaction to proceed at suitable reates at moderate temperatures by reducing the activation energy (does not affect the free energy change of a reaction)

22) substrate: The reactant that an enzyme acts on when it catalyzes a chemical reaction

23) active site: the location where the substrate binds to an enzyme

24) cofactors: non protein component such as dissolved ions that are needed for some enzymes to function

25) coenzymes: organic nonprotein cofactors that are needed for some enzymes to function

26) competitive inhibitors: substances that compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site

27) noncompetitive inhibitors: substances that attach to a binding site on an enzyme other than the active site, casing a change in the enzymes's shape and a loss of affinity for the substrate

28) allosteric sites: receptor sites, some distance from the active site or certain enzymes, that bind substances that may inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity

29) activator: a substance that binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme and stabilizes the protein conformation that keeps all the active sites available to their substrates

30) allosteric inhibitors: a substance that binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme and stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme

31) ASK MR CHUNG TO RE EXPLAIN FEEDBACK INHIBITION

Still working on it (:

an order created by anabolic process is accompanied by an even greater disorder caused by energy yielding catabolic processes